Which of the following can alter an individual's behavior without indicating deception?

Medical conditions can significantly impact an individual's behavior without necessarily indicating that the person is being deceptive. Various health issues—such as neurological disorders, mental health conditions, or even physical ailments—can affect how a person communicates, their level of anxiety, or their cognitive function. For instance, someone dealing with anxiety might appear nervous or agitated, which could be misconstrued as signs of deception, but in reality, it stems from their medical condition rather than any intention to lie.

On the other hand, previous criminal history, personal beliefs, and desire to cooperate are factors that could provide context to an individual's behavior, but they do not directly cause behavioral changes in the same way that medical conditions can. A person's past might influence their demeanor or responses but is often tied to their motivations or fears about the current situation rather than an external physiological response. Similarly, while personal beliefs may affect how someone views a situation or how they respond, it doesn't inherently alter their behavior in a quantifiable manner as a medical condition might. Desire to cooperate can also lead to a variety of responses, but again, it does not typically result in physical changes in behavior as medical conditions do. Thus, the impact of medical conditions on behavior stands out as particularly significant in this context.